本科英语论文大纲怎么写?看看下面的范文!
英语专业本科毕业论文正文格式【1】
1. Introduction(小三，粗体)
A paragraph is a group of related sentences developing one central idea, or expressing one unit of thought. The ty//www./picplete essay but longer than the sentence, though graphs and one-paragraph essays.
This middle position makes the paragraph extremely important in essay writing. For one thing, it is possible to write a good essay only when we can write well-structured and well-connected paragraphs.
In fact, the paragraph may be regarded as mini-essay it shares many features with the complete essay. For another, producing a well-formed paragraph involves more than the ability to write correct and good sentences.
Therefore, for the beginning writers who have learnt the Basic English grammar and have acquired a workable vocabulary, the training in paragraph writing is the crucial first step towards writing well in English. (小四，1.5倍行距)
(标题不缩进;正文首行缩进两个字符)
注意页眉、页脚
2. The to//www./picmunicate in our paragraph; we need have a topic sentence, in most cases, to make our idea clear.
The topic sentence expresses our paragraph’s central idea or purpose, it indicates what the paragraph is about, or what it will describe or discuss. A good topic sentence serves as a guide, reminding the writer of the paragraph’s boundaries and, therefore, helping to assure a well-unified paragraph.
But what should an effective topic sentence be like? The following are some of topic sentences expressed in the form of a sacrament:
①Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.
②Television presents a vivid world in front of us.
③Writing an outline is an aid to organizing a composition.
④Exercise is important to the health.
⑤Spring is the most pleasant season of the year.
⑥Education is a glorious cause.
The above topic sentences are successful because they not only introduce limited topic but also give the writer’s opinion about each topic.
Here are two more topic sentences:
⑦Going to college is expensive.
⑧Northwestern is a university in Illinois.
Of the two topic sentences, ⑦is too general and ⑧is a factual one, so they allow no development. From above we know an effective topic sentence has three characteristics: it includes a subject and a controlling idea; it is limited; and it lends itself to development.
Topic sentence usually appears at the beginning, but may also be found in the middle or at the end, of a paragraph.
We can also see how every philosopher reflects the social life at his day. Plato and Aristotle, in the slave-owning society of ancient Greece, Thought man’s highest state was contemplation rather than activity. In the Middle Ages St.
Thomas believed in a regular feudal system of nine ranks of angels. Herbert Spencer, in the time of free competition between capitalist, found the key to progress in the survival of the fittest.
Thus Marxism is seen to fit into its place as the philosophy for the workers, the only class with a future
----J.B.S. Haldane
The topic sentence of this paragraph is the first sentence “Every philosopher reflects the social life of his day.”
When a writer places a to//www./pice before it. Biology major Ben Wright, in a paragraph from a report focusing on the benefits of genetic engineering, places the topic sentence last.
Recently scientists used a bacterium called agro bacterium tumefactions to transfer a special insect and disease resistant gene into the cells of walnut tree plants.
Texts proved that the insect and disease resistant characteristics at the special gene had been successfully in corporeity into the walnut plant’s genetic material. Clearly, this genetic feat has major implications for growers who produce American 300-million-a-year walnut crop, but moreover, it also has important implications for health-minded consumers’ when researchers are able to transfer insect and disease resistant genes o all food-bearing plants, then genetic engineering can be used to protect us from the poisonous insecticides and pesticides that growers use on their crops.
Sometimes, when a writer leaves out a topic sentence the discussion must be so clear that the controlling idea of the paragraph is strongly implied.
The room is located on the fifth floor of a high building. One third of its total floor space is taken up by a double bed. Facing it, in the corner behind the door, stands a cupboard loaded with pats, bowls, dishes, bottles and bags of rice and flour.
A desk completely fills the gap between the bed and the wall with the window. Behind the desk is a chair, the only one in the room; and it almost touches the boxes and trunk piled against the wall on the opposite side.
---- A student
All the details mentioned in the paragraph describe what the room looks like, it is a unified paragraph without a topic sentence.
In a word, it is unnecessary for a writer to care much about whether there is a topic sentence or not and where it is placed but the subject and controlling idea must be clear.
3. Coherence
Now we have had a controlling idea. How can we develop it into a good paragraph? Certain rules should be abided by which govern the construction of a paragraph, that is, a paragraph should be unified---with all its sentences relevant to the central idea, coherent---with its organization following a definite plan, and adequately explaining the central idea.
To achieve unity in a paragraph we must make each sentence in the paragraph contribute to the controlling.
Any sentence that violates this unity should be deleted. Now to make each sentence contribute to the controlling idea of our paragraph, we’d better prepare a rough outline before writing, so that any irrelevant sentences will be apparent. Study this in next paragraph with its outline.
The topic sentence:
Jefferson was a good and tireless writer.
Evidence:
①Fifty---volume
words.
②Author of the Deliration of Independence.
③Effect of his writing.
The paragraph:
Jefferson was a good tireless writer. His complete word, now being published for the first time, will fill more than 5 volumes. His talent as an author was soon discovered, and when the time came to write the declaration of Independence at Philadelphia in 1776, the task of writing it was his, Millions have thrilled to his words: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal
---Intensive College English Textbook, Band 2
So we can say this paragraph is unified because every sentence in it contribute to the controlling idea--- “Jefferson was a good and tireless writer.”
We have achieved unity of the paragraph, that is, all its sentences are relevant to the central idea. But what is the relationship between them? How should we arrange them? Therefore, we must think of coherence.
A coherent paragraph is one in which the relationship of any given sentences to the one before or after it is clear and the transitions between the sentences are smooth, we can take the following ways to get to coherence.
3.1 Arranging sentences(四号，粗体)
There are three commonly used, for example, to either describe or prescribe a step-by-step procedure: First connect the vacuum tube…then return the plate…finally close the contact bey… The most characteristic features of description in time order are:
Time adverbs and phrases:
In 1995, last week, at 10:00, first, second, soon, finally.
Verb tense sequencing:
Originally we wanted to…
More recently we have attempted to…
Grammatical parallelism:
Now we are trying to…
In the future we shall try to…
Space Order:
Descriptive paragraphs lend themselves quite easily to a special arrangement from left to right, from right to left, from near to far, from the central outward and so on. The following paragraph is part of an advertisement which describes where the house is and its atmosphere about it.
For Sale:
A beautiful 4-bedroomed house, built in 1979, on St.
Andrews Avenue. The house stands on its own in the middle of trees and open space, away from the rode. There is a large garden with a beautiful lawn and flower-beds. The house is only about 1 mile from the centre of the town, which has a large shopping centre, cinemas, and a theatre and so on. The railway station is also very close.
---Michael Carrier
Order of Climax:
The paragraph of climactic order arranges its basic materials from least to most important.
It was a typical Russian winter. The first snowstorm had turned everything white. The wind was howling, Swirling and tumbling over lend of ice and snow, freezing and destroying whatever stood in its way.
A ragged misshapen army, cold, hungry and deceasing in size every day, was staging and struggling desperately for survival. The year was 1812. The army was the remnants of Napoleons expeditionary force which was with clawing from Russian after suffering its worst defeat.