函授是一种授课的方式;属于高等教育层次的一种学习层次，主要按各专业教学计划利用寒、暑假或国定假日派教师到各地函授站组织面授和考试。
摘要: 本文首先结合中国英语教学实际探讨了研究在教学中的重大作用，指出它是人类知识三大来源中最重要的一项;然后阐述了学习的四个层次，即接受性学习、运用性学习、
评析性学习和创造性学习，还提出英语学习的全过程应当是一个在学习层次上包容性不断提高的实践，即能够融汇越来越多高层次学习的过程;最后讨论了学习与研究间的关系，并提出了在英语教学中实现学习研究相互促进的两种途径，即以研究为基点的学习和以学习为前导的研究。
关键词：学习;研究;英语教学 Promoting Dynamic Interplay between Study
and Research in ELT Practice
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Three sources of knowledge
2.1 Experience
2.2 Reasoning
2.3 Research
3. Four types of study
3.1 Receptive study
3.2 Productive study
3.3 Critical study
3.4 Creative study
4. Promoting dynamic interplay between study and research
4.1 Some possible ways of ELT practice concerning study and research
4.2 Two approaches to mutual stimulation between study and research in ELT
5. Conclusion
在英语教学中力求学习与研究的相互促进
提纲
1. 引言
2. 知识的三大来源
2.1 经验
2.2 推理
2.3 研究
3. 学习的四种方式
3.1 接受性学习
3.2 运用性学习
3.3 评析性学习
3.4 创造性学习
4. 促进学习与研究之间相互作用的动态过程
4.1 既涉及学习又重视研究的若干英语教学方式
4.2 英语教学中实现学习与研究相互促进的两条途径
5. 结语
Promoting Dynamic Interplay between Study
and Research in ELT Practice
FLC 2001 (04) (English) Wu Benhu
Tutor: Professor Chen Changyi
1. Introduction
Study and research are two of the most confusing terms used in educationalsettings because they can sometimes use quite interchangeably while on otheroccasions they may refer to something remarkably different. When we say,
Nowadays, it is reasonably acceptable to say that students can not onlystudy but also research. Researchers need to study in the course of research.To be teachers, they should do some research while continuing their study ofwhat they are teaching in further education. In order to promote Englishlanguage teaching (ELT) in schools and colleges in China, this paper willfirst discuss the role of research in the acquisition of knowledge, thenexamine the kinds of study, and finally explore the dynamic interaction
between study and research in terms of educational theory and practice in ELTsettings.
2. Three sources of knowledge
Research is one of the three major means for human beings to acquireknowledge of the environment including the natural world and our human
society. The other two are
[wbh2]. The role of research in the acquisition of human knowledge can hardlybe understood fully without being studied in connection to that of experienceand reasoning. For the purpose of achieving a better understanding of
research, the role of experience and reasoning will be considered before thatof research.
2.1 Experience
Experience is a kind of development of personal knowledge of the world. Itis regarded as an individually accumulated body of knowledge (Cohen and Manion
1). In a problem-solving situation, people tend to resort to personal
experience first. However, where solutions to problems clearly lie beyond thisbody of personal experience, it is often helpless to resort to personalexperience.
In the case of foreign language learning, the learner's native languageoften interferes with or facilitates the learning of the target language. Thiscan be considered as a clear indication of the learner's reliance on thepersonal experience in his or her first language. It is arguable that thepersonal experience is by no means reliable although it is sometimes helpfulbecause it cannot guarantee smooth progress and success in foreign languagelearning.
As for English language teaching, our experience of English examinationscan be resorted to when we help our students prepare for the college entranceexamination of English. However, it is difficult for us to resort to our
previous personal experience when we are facing the problem of how to motivatemiddle school students in communicative language teaching as many of them canhardly see any chance to communicate directly with native speakers of English.
2.2 Reasoning
Reasoning is the act of forming conclusions, judgements or inferences bythinking in a logical manner. There are two basic types of reasoning: one isinductive reasoning and the other is deductive reasoning.
Inductive reasoning begins with observations and evidence of empiricalregularities or empirical relationships (Howard 8). This is a mental processfrom a number of specific cases to a general idea underlying them. When alearner of English comes across expressions such as
propositions, and so on, the validity of which is assumed and untested (Howard
8)[wbh3]. This is a mental activity from a general idea to specific cases. Inforeign language learning, if we learn a grammatical rule or a word-formationrule first, then we apply it to make a sentence or to coin a new word. Forexample, according to the English word-formation rule that the prefix
opposite force in it:
There is an obvious limitation in reasoning as an activity. According toCohen and Manion,
that
adjectives such as
Although reasoning has its weaknesses, its contributions to the humanknowledge are enormous. As Cohen and Manion state, the role of reasoning inthe acquisition of human knowledge is threefold: 1) the suggestion ofhypotheses; 2) the logical development of these hypotheses; and 3) the
clarification and interpretation of scientific findings and their synthesisinto a conceptual framework (4). The implication of their remarks hints thatreasoning not only directs but also constructs the development of humanknowledge, including our knowledge of language and language learning andteaching.
2.3 Research
Research can be defined from different perspectives. From the view ofinformation processing, research refers to the process of obtaining andanalysing information (Hitchcock and Hughes 5). Considering its designfeatures, research
controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositionsabout the presumed relations among natural phenomena (Cohen and Manion 4). Cohen and Manion elaborate the three advantages of research in comparisonto experience and reasoning: First, research is systematic and controlledbecause its operations are based on reasoning whereas experience cannot besystematic and self-correcting because of its haphazard manner in dealing witha problem. Second, research is empirical because it resorts to experience forvalidation whereas reasoning is not empirical because of its subjectivenature. Third, only research is self-corrective. This self-corrective
functioning is guaranteed in two ways. On the one hand, the scientific methodof research has built-in mechanisms to protect researchers from error. On theother hand, the researcher's procedures and results are open to public
examination by fellow professionals (Cohen and Manion 4). (See Table 1)[wbh6] Cohen and Manion's elaboration reveals that research combines the
strengths of both experience and reasoning while avoiding their weaknesses.Therefore, research can be regarded as the most powerful means to acquire newknowledge. It is beneficial for both teachers and students to integrateresearch into their study and teaching of English.
Table 1.[wbh7] A Comparison between Experience, Reasoning and ResearchExperienceReasoningResearchSystematic and
controlled×√√Empirical√×√Self-correcting××√
When we combine experience and reasoning through research, we can reflect
on experience to form hypotheses through reasoning and, at the same time,
obtain empirical evidence through experience to test and modify the hypothesesderived from reasoning. For example, when a learner first resorts to inductivereasoning to form the hypothesis that
negative empirical evidence, he or she would modify the existing hypothesis toreach the conclusion that
3. Four types of study
In a generally accepted sense, study refers to the mental activities inacquiring knowledge. According to The Random House Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage,
knowledge, as by reading, investigation, or reflection
[wbh8] From this definition, we can identify two kinds of study: one is
receptive study mainly through reading and the other is critical study throughinvestigation or reflection.
More types of study can be recognised when we make reference to differenteducational theoretical sources.
In this section, these ideas will be tentatively developed in the ELTcontext.
3.1 Receptive study
Receptive study occurs when you receive information from the outside
world. In the case of foreign language learning, successful receptive study isexpected to be based on Krashen's
communication is the key to success. In receptive study, you select and takein what is new and meaningful to you.